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2011年6月8日星期三

民国生活水平高 小工一年可买1亩地

                    民国时期的工人工资比今天高多了


         南昌起义前后,老百姓究竟苦到什么程度?刚好我手边有几本书,其中两本是中共早期革命家的回忆录,一位是张金保,另一位是包惠僧,通过他们的所见所闻,可看出当时的生活状况并不是我们所想象的那样水深火热。
                 武汉的纺织女工一月30多块大洋
         这两本回忆录对大革命时代的记述,主要是工人运动,那我们便沿着他们的记述往下看吧:张金保曾经担任过第六届中央委员、中央妇委书记。上世纪二十年代中 期,她从鄂城乡下来汉口第一纱厂做工,一个月后,“领到半个月的工资——七块大洋,另外半个月的工资被厂里当作押金扣下了。我拿着钱心里高兴极了,因为这 意味着我每个月可以挣十四块钱,可以勉强糊口养家。”第二年,张金保一人看管两台织布机,月薪30多块钱。“这样,我的生活好些了,开始有了点积蓄。”
或许是不能淡化"万恶的旧社会",否则怎么要起来闹革命呢?所以张金保才这样说“十四块钱,可以勉强糊口养家”。而在《银元时代生活史》中,作者陈存仁则 毫无顾忌地说自己在上海当见习医生时,每月薪资虽只8元,但袋中常有铿锵的银元撞击声,使他气概为之一壮,外表飘飘然,“第一个月,吃过用过,口袋中还剩 下五块钱。”与此同时,新成立的上海市公安局,巡警月薪10至13元,巡长16至18元。有趣的是,这种连纺织女工都不如的工资水平,居然比北洋军阀时期 的淞沪警察厅还要高1至2元钱。《银元时代生活史》一书也披露:上海卫生局的一名科长,月薪也不过30元。
你相信吗?一个纺纱女工的工资,竟然高过巡长和科长!而在当时,物价低廉:据《上海解放前后物价资料汇编》和《上海工人运动史》披露:1927年在上海, 二号梗米1石14元,面粉1包3.30元,切面1斤0.07元,猪肉1斤0.28元,棉花1斤0.48元,煤炭1担0.14元,煤油1斤0.06元,肥皂 1块0.05元,香烟1盒0.036元,茶叶1斤0.23元,活鸡1斤0.37元,鲜蛋1个0.027元,豆油1斤0.19元,食盐1斤0.043元,白 糖1斤0.096元,细布1尺0.107元。原文中的“石”,应为两百斤;1包面粉,应为44斤。
        《银元时代生活史》也有类似记载:二十年代的上海,大米1担3到4个银元,老刀牌烟一包3个铜板,剃头8个铜板,绍兴酒1斤1角钱,臭豆腐干1个铜板买两 块。拿了1块钱稿酬,请六七个同学去吃茶,茶资8个铜板,生煎馒头、蟹壳黄等各种小吃也才花去20多个铜板。《文化人的经济生活》一书则提到:1929 年,每块银元兑换两三百个铜板,一两个铜板可以换一只鸡蛋。
           其他城市,大抵如此。三十年代的北平,1银元可买6斤好猪肉,40个猪肉饺子、两碗小米粥、外加一盘白糖,两毛二分钱。在重庆,1936年,大米1斤2分 5,100斤两块五角钱。甘肃农村,抗战前7年,百斤小麦5至3元。汉口方面,1930年,每百斤麻油和鸡蛋的价格约为20元,每斤棉花和猪肉约为3角 钱,1斤鲤鱼不到5分钱,1斤煤油的零售价则长期保持在0.10~0.15元之间。
再看金价——汉口的价格是:1920年,每两38元,1927年65元;上海可能便宜些:1920年,每两21元,1927年37元。至于地价和住房,除 租界和商业区以外都不算昂贵。1928年,上海近郊的高行、陈行、江湾和杨行的每亩地售价分别为150-100、100-60、1000-70、 100-300元。1933年,汉口第六区的最低地价为84元1亩,第七区的最低地价为90元1亩。
房租价格:上海的石库门一层楼,有电灯、自来水,月租10块钱;住客栈,每一铺位3角5至6角;纱厂宿舍,月租2到5元不等,两层楼可住10人,自来水由 厂方提供,有的还供电,带家眷者,两家分租一层,费用不过1元多;最好的宿舍,为砖瓦结构,铺地板,长宽500立方尺,容积5000立方尺,有厨房、路灯 和下水道,月租6至9元;此外,工人也可租地,结庐而住,半亩地年租金200元,21户人家分摊,平均下来每户每月8毛钱,当然,环境极差。
又如在北京:“四合院,房租每月仅20圆左右;一间20平米的单身宿舍,月租金4—5圆……鲁迅所购买的西三条胡同21号四合院有好几间房屋和一个小花园,售价国币1000圆。”
          从二十年代中期一直到三十年代末,全国物价大体平稳,因粮食丰收,部分农产品还有所下降。工业品方面,由于欧、美、日展开商品竞争,棉布和石油等洋货还降 价促销。如在汉口市场上,1934和1935年,100斤麻油分别只有17.90和14.50元,1斤猪肉分别只有0.29和0.198元,鸡蛋跌幅最 大,几乎跌了一半,而100斤大米也从1926年的7.55元跌倒1933年的4.66元,100斤煤球的零售价,1936年也从过去的1块钱跌到8毛钱 左右。如此同时,地价也随之回落。抗战前,江苏镇海县亩产400斤的农田,售价从1928年的140元跌到70元,亩产300斤的农田则从100元跌到 40元。
           包惠僧是湖北黄冈人,参与领导过二七大罢工。他在回忆录中写到:北洋军阀“用一套福利设施的办法笼络员司、麻痹工人,在交通部内设有铁路员工福利委员会及 职工教育委员会,在铁路上也组织了一个员工联谊会,福利机构遍布在各段各厂各站,大的车站,都设有扶轮学校,主办中小学教育,专收员工子弟,一律免费,每 年年终发双薪,季节发奖金,这些小恩小惠从局长员司到工匠为限,小工却沾不到边。”
“初提升的工匠,每月工资不过二十多元,工龄长、技术好的每月可得四、五十元……至于小工和临时工,那就苦极了,从八九元到十一二元不等,工作的时间除正规的十小时而外,还要给员司和师傅服役。”
“工匠的生活和工作时间与一般政府机关的中下级职员差不多,比人力车工人、码头工人、纺织工人高得多。小工的工作情况与生活情况就比较苦,他们的工作时间长,收入少,工作还没有保障。”
        具体的福利制度,除免费的扶轮学校外,包惠僧没有多谈,但另一本《中国近代史通鉴》则透露了一些:在劳动组合书记部领导之下,京汉铁路的工人也取得一些胜利,如“每年有十五天官假休息,一年有两身工作服,六十岁退休,工资照发”。
综合张金保和包惠僧的记述来看,大同小异,即二十年代前期和中期,无论是铁路上还是纱厂,工资都不低;不同之处是,张金保没有谈到小工,包惠僧则多次提 到。然而,即使按小工最低工资8块钱,也完全吃得饱饭。在上海当见习医生的陈存仁,同样的月薪,吃了用了,还剩下5块钱呢。包惠僧自己也在书中提到,只要 3个银元,就可以在旅馆包吃包住1个月。
                   一个小工,年薪可以在汉口买1亩地!
           再对比当时物价,你相信吗?一个“苦极了“的小工,年薪竟然可以在汉口买1亩地!至于那些“工作时间长”、“要给员司和师傅服役”的问题,自古皆有,这是小工、学徒入门后的传统陋习,如今仍未绝迹。
            工人的温饱生活,不是个别现象。二十年代初期,开滦煤矿工人罢工,要求增加工资,最后劳资双方达成协议,日工资由原来的0.90元增至1.26元,即月薪 从27元涨到37元以上。即使是未涨工资前,矿工的薪水也大大超过警察。铁路工人、煤矿工人、纺织工人,都是人数较多、近代化程度较高的产业工人,他们的 收入状况,对于全国工人阶级而言应该具有一定的代表性。
          当然,张金宝是个例,尚不足以说明整个纺织行业。那么,我们再借鉴《青岛党史资料》第二辑的两个数据:1925年,中国女工平均日工资0.45 元;1928年,青岛纱厂女工日工资最高0.73元,最低0.18元,平均0.455元。这两个数据完全吻合。而1929年,山东各省一等警察队巡长的工 资是12元。另据1934年7月1日出版的《劳工月刊》载文指出:目前武汉一般工人的月工资平均15元。大多数是女工的第一、裕华、震寰三大纱厂,工人 1.5万,工资平均20元。
          我们再看看其他劳动阶层的收入水平:1926年底,武汉国民政府在财政相当困难的情况下,筹措教育经费,将小学教师的月薪增至20个银元以上。1933 年,湖北省立第一小学的月薪为39至56元;省立第一、二、三中学的月薪多在60—80元之间,可买1两黄金。1935年,汉口的金价最高90元、最低 76元,上海最高96元、最低77元。
           说完教师,再说店员。
            汉口过去有家悦昌新绸缎局,营业员工资最低10元,最高40元,一日三餐的伙食由店方提供,早上馒头、稀饭、油条,中午和晚上四菜一汤,八人一桌,节假日 加菜。每年还有两个月例假(学徒除外),下江籍的回家,报销车费。穿衣有津贴,每年多发一个月的本人工资。年终如有盈余,则按16股分红,店东12股,经 理1股,全体职工3股。
老武汉的叶开泰,待遇也不错:学徒三年期满后,月薪10个银元,第二年15个,第三年20个,全体店员每月发“月费钱”,作为剃头、洗澡、洗衣的费用。每 年带薪休假72天,如果没请假,则多发72天的薪水。端午、中秋有奖金,到年终再以各人薪水为基数进行分红,一般年景,1元薪水可分红四到五毛钱。药店还 有基金会,分期存入4个月薪水,切药老师傅吴硕卿告老回乡时,取回本息500多元。
            如果大家对这些资料心存疑虑,那么,就请看看毛泽东的名作《寻乌调查》:杂货店“学徒三年出师后,照规矩要帮老板做一年。他在这一年的开头,就把他在学徒 时期穿的那些破旧衣服不要了,通通换过新的,因为他现在有了些钱用……如果回家去讨老婆呢,那老板除送他十多块的盘费外(他家在远乡的),还要送他十元以 上的礼物,像京果呀,海味呀等等,使他回家好做酒席。他不讨老婆而只是回家去看看父母呢,如果他是远乡人,就以“盘费”的名义送给他一些钱,盘费数目少也 要拿十多元,多的到二十四五元。如果是近边人,那末径直送他十几块到二十几块钱。帮做一年之后,正式有了薪俸,头一年四五十元,第二年五十多元至六十 元。……忠实可靠而又精明能干的先生,老板把生意完全交给他做……赚了钱分红利给先生,赚得多分三成,赚得少两成,再少也要分一成。”
           当然,对于这种和谐的劳资关系,一向强调“以阶级斗争为纲”的毛泽东抨击道:“他们阶级关系原来是那样的模糊”。
寻乌,太偏远了,位于闽粤赣边境的深山里,我们还是以大城市作例证吧。到1933年,上海工人的月工资一般为20元,双职工家庭年收入为400元以上。技 术工人、小学教师、医护人员等家庭的月收入超过50元,达到小康水平;中级职员、工程师、中学教员、医生、记者、作家、律师和一般演员的家庭,月收入一二 百元以上,则进入中产阶层。
再想想当今大陆之现状......

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